When we read in dim light, the print may be black and the page white, but the white page will not look as bright white as it does in better lighting. To our eyes, the contrast is lower, almost like reading from a gray page instead of a white page, so it becomes more difficult for our eyes and brains to focus and interpret the images of the letters and words.
If our eyes and brains have to work harder to focus, it won't cause permanent damage, but people do sometimes feel the strain in their focusing muscles. We might notice a tired feeling around the eyes, a dry or scratchy feeling in the eyes, or even a mild headache after reading in the dim light. As inconvenient or frustrating as this may be, it is not permanent and usually is gone within minutes to hours.
So although reading in dim light shouldn't cause any significant damage, that good book or article will be more enjoyable to read after turning on a good reading light.